Ductile Iron 65-45-12 In China

65-45-12 is the material grade of ductile iron ANSI / ASTM A536 65-45-12. This grade has higher tensile strength but lower elongation. The followings are its physical, chemical properties and its application.Physical Properties:Tensile strength min. 448 Mpa, Yield strength min. 310 Mpa, Elongation min. Rosetta Stone
12%.Most of iron foundries in China could do the test of tensile strength, so you could require the suppliers to provide the physical inspection report.As for the hardness, there is no requirement in the ASTM A536 standard, but normally, the hardness should be 160 to 210 Brinell hardness (HB). Chemical ponents:There is no requirement to the chemical ponents in the A536 standard, which means the iron foundries could control and adjust the chemical ponents according to their own experience, as long as they could meet the physical properties. However, according to the experience of Dandong Foundry in China, the approximate chemical ponents of 65-45-12 should be as C: 3.30-3.80%, Si: 2.40-2.90%, Mn: 0.2-0.5, P: 0.03-0.06, S: 0.02-0.040, Mg: 0.020-0.060. RE: 0.02-0.06.Microstructures:As for the ductile iron parts used for automotive industries, they usually require the percent of spheroidization or called as nodularity. A high nodularity means Learn Spanish
the ductile iron has better physical properties, and more stable quality. Automotive parts usually require 90% to 98% nodularity, only some professional and large iron foundries could reach this level, and most of iron foundries just could reach about 75% to 85%. Nodularity is not a stipulated inspection unless Learn Rosetta Stone Spanish
the clients have specific purpose.Applications:As we said before, the ductile Iron 60-40-18 is widely used because of its good physical properties, but what areas should ductile Iron 65-45-12 be used? Since 65-45-12 has higher tensile strength and corrosion-resistance, they have been widely used for furrow plough, plow standard, differential case of agricultural machinery, drive axle case, clutch housing of automotive vehicle, valve bodies, high pressure cylinder of general machinery and top hat for electric transmission line etc.This article was from Dandong Foundry. For the whole article, please check Dandong Foundry Blog.
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标题: Meerschaum Pipes: A Pleasure To Own And Smoke
内容: Meerschaum pipes are crafted from a soft, magnesium silicate called meerschaum. This mineral is similar to sea-foam and is mostly found in certain parts of Turkey. Because it can be carved easily, it is considered to be one of the finest materials for making pipe bowls and cigarette holders. It has been used Rosetta Stone
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wood, the mineral does not lend its own aroma or flavor to the smoking tobacco. Meerschaum also provides a cleaner smoke because it acts as a natural filter that absorbs tars and other tobacco residues. The inside of the pipe will not dry out and burn over time like briar pipes, and it can even last for a lifetime. The mineral is also a lightweight stone that is ideal for hands-free smoking. One of the most desirable characteristics of meerschaum is its ability to change colors. As the pipe is used more frequently, it will gradually change from white to gold and a beautiful deep brown. If cared for properly, meerschaum pipes can last for decades. This type of pipe must be cared for and handled carefully because it can chip, break or crack easily. In addition, because the mineral is absorbent, oils and dirt from fingertips can cause discoloration. Immediately after being smoked, the pipe will be warmer and softer than normal making it more susceptible to damage. It can Rosetta Stone Chinese
be cleaned using a warm cloth for the outside and a pipe cleaner for the inside. These handcrafted pieces of art range in size, design and price. Each one is unique, and no pipe is carved exactly the same. Pipes that feature a skull motif are a consumer favorite as well as ones that have a stem made of brightly colored fimo clay. They can range in price from $20 up to more than $500.Since the 1700s, meerschaum pipes have been, and still continue to be, elegant, smoking sculptures. These pipes may be purchased from a number of online retailers that specialize in genuine meerschaum smoking accessories and pipes.